Vertigo refers to a false sensation of movement, most commonly described as feeling like you or your surroundings are spinning. This sensation is more intense than ordinary dizziness and is often associated with imbalance.
Vertigo episodes may last only a few seconds, but in some cases, they can persist for hours or recur over days. When severe or prolonged, vertigo can significantly interfere with daily activities such as walking, driving, or working, and may increase the risk of falls and related injuries.
The cause of vertigo is not always immediately clear. However, most cases originate from inner ear disorders, where the body’s balance system sends incorrect signals to the brain. Common causes are:
Occurs when tiny calcium particles (canaliths) become dislodged and collect in the inner ear canals, sending incorrect signals about head movement.
Inflammation of the vestibular nerve or inner ear structures, often triggered by viral infections, resulting in sudden and intense vertigo.
A condition linked to fluid buildup in the inner ear. It causes episodes of vertigo along with hearing loss, tinnitus, and a sense of ear fullness.
Some individuals experience vertigo as part of a vestibular migraine, which may also include headache, visual symptoms, and sensitivity to light or sound.
Other causes include head trauma and certain medications can also trigger vertigo.
People with vertigo commonly describe sensations such as:
Spinning or a sensation that the environment is spinning
Swaying or tilting
Loss of balance or unsteadiness
Symptoms may last worsen with head movement, changes in position (such as standing or turning in bed), coughing, or sneezing.
Depending on the underlying cause, additional symptoms may include:
Nausea or vomiting
Headache or sensitivity to light and noise
Sweating, shortness of breath, or rapid heartbeat
Double vision, difficulty speaking or swallowing, or limb weakness
Seek medical attention promptly if you experience vertigo, especially if it is new, severe, or persistent. Immediate care is essential if vertigo is accompanied by:
A sudden or severe headache
Fever above 38°C
Double vision
Difficulty walking without support
Persistent vomiting
Chest pain
Known stroke risk factors (such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or smoking) combined with new neurological symptoms
Diagnosis involves reviewing your medical history, a physical examination, and selected tests, which may include:
Dix-Hallpike Test: Used to diagnose BPPV by positioning the head in specific ways to provoke vertigo and observe nystagmus.
Hearing Tests: Audiometry may be performed to assess hearing changes, particularly when conditions like Ménière’s disease is suspected.
Imaging Tests (MRI or CT scan): Imaging is performed when central causes such as stroke, tumour, or multiple sclerosis need to be ruled out.
Orthostatic Blood Pressure Testing: A significant drop in systolic blood pressure of more than 20 mmHg upon standing may indicate postural hypotension, often seen with dehydration or autonomic dysfunction. Such dysfunction can arise abruptly and may be linked to vertigo.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity, and may include:
Short-term medications may be prescribed to relieve symptoms such as vertigo and nausea. These are typically used for acute episodes rather than long-term management.
A specialised form of physiotherapy that uses targeted exercises to help the brain adapt to balance disturbances. VRT is particularly effective for persistent or recurrent vertigo.
Many people recover fully, especially when vertigo is caused by conditions such as BPPV or vestibular neuritis. Some conditions, like Ménière’s disease or vestibular migraine, may cause recurrent episodes, but symptoms can often be managed effectively with appropriate treatment and lifestyle adjustments.
If you are experiencing symptoms of vertigo, early assessment is important to identify the cause and prevent complications. At Prince Court Medical Centre, our experienced ENT specialists provide comprehensive evaluation, accurate diagnosis, and personalised treatment plans for balance and inner ear disorders.
Book an appointment today to receive expert care and regain confidence in your balance and daily activities.
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