Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune condition that affects the central nervous system, including the brain, optic nerves, and spinal cord. In MS, the immune system mistakenly attacks myelin, the protective covering around nerve fibres. When myelin is damaged, communication between the brain and the rest of the body becomes disrupted.
This disruption can affect vision, movement, balance, coordination, sensation, and thinking. While MS is a long-term condition, its impact varies greatly from person to person.
MS can occur at any age, but it is most commonly diagnosed between 20 and 40 years old. It is the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults and affects women two to three times more often than men.
MS presents differently in each individual. Doctors classify MS into four main types based on how symptoms develop over time.
The most common form of MS. People experience episodes of new or worsening symptoms (relapses), followed by periods of recovery (remission). Remission phases may last months or even years.
This form develops in many individuals who initially have relapsing-remitting MS. Symptoms gradually worsen over time, with steady neurological decline and fewer or no distinct relapses.
Symptoms begin gradually and worsen continuously from the onset, without distinct relapses or periods of remission.
The rarest form of MS, marked by a steady progression of symptoms from the start, with occasional acute relapses superimposed on ongoing deterioration.
Symptoms of MS vary depending on which areas of the nervous system are affected. Common symptoms include:
Persistent fatigue
Difficulty walking or weakness in the limbs
Visual changes, such as blurred or double vision
Dizziness
Bladder or bowel problems
Numbness, tingling, or “pins and needles” sensations
Muscle stiffness, spasms, or cramping
Problems with balance and coordination
Cognitive changes affecting memory, planning, or concentration
Mood changes, including anxiety or low mood
Symptoms may come and go, and not everyone experiences the same pattern.
While the exact cause of MS remains unknown, several factors are associated with increased risk:
Age between 20 and 40 years
Female gender
Genetic predisposition
Certain infections, particularly Epstein-Barr virus
Environmental factors, including limited exposure to sunlight
Diagnosing MS can take time and careful assessment. There is no single test for MS. Instead, doctors look for evidence that different parts of the nervous system have been affected at different points in time, while ruling out other conditions.
Diagnosis may involve:
Detailed medical history and neurological examination
MRI scans of the brain and spinal cord
Lumbar puncture to examine cerebrospinal fluid
Evoked potential tests to assess nerve signal transmission
Blood tests to exclude other causes
Early and accurate diagnosis allows treatment to begin sooner.
Although MS has no cure, effective treatments are available to reduce relapses, slow disease progression, and support quality of life.
Treatment plans are personalised and may include:
Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to reduce relapse frequency and new brain lesions.
Corticosteroids (such as methylprednisolone) during relapses to reduce inflammation and speed recovery.
Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or speech therapy to maintain function.
Psychological support and fatigue management strategies.
With ongoing advances in treatment, many people with MS are able to remain active, independent, and engaged in daily life.
MS is rarely life-threatening. While some individuals may experience complications in advanced stages, most people with MS live for many decades after diagnosis.
On average, life expectancy may be reduced by 5 to 10 years, but this gap continues to narrow due to earlier diagnosis, improved treatments, and better supportive care.
Living with MS can be challenging but it does not define who you are. With timely care, personalised treatment, and long-term support, many people continue to live meaningful and fulfilling lives.
If you have symptoms or concerns related to multiple sclerosis, consult a neurologist at Prince Court Medical Centre. Our neuro specialists provide accurate diagnosis, tailored treatment plans, and ongoing care to help you manage MS with confidence.
Get in touch with us today to book an appointment and take the next step in your care journey.Be the first in line to receive the latest updates and promotions, delivered directly to your inbox.
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