Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and remains a significant health concern in Malaysia.
While a cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, advances in screening, diagnosis, and treatment mean that many cancers are now highly treatable, particularly when detected early. Understanding the risk factors, recognising possible warning signs, and seeking timely medical care can make a meaningful difference to treatment outcomes.
Cancer occurs when normal cells undergo genetic changes that cause them to grow and divide uncontrollably. Instead of dying naturally, these abnormal cells continue multiplying, forming tumours or invading nearby tissues.
Some cancers remain confined to their original location, while others spread through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to distant organs. This spread is known as metastasis and is responsible for many serious cancer complications.
Cancer continues to be a major public health challenge in Malaysia, affecting both men and women across all age groups.
The most common cancers among men include:
The most common cancers among women include:
Colorectal cancer
Uterine cancer
Although the risk of cancer generally increases with age, certain cancers may also affect younger adults depending on genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
There is no single cause of cancer. Most cancers develop through a combination of inherited genetic factors, ageing, lifestyle choices, and environmental exposures.
Several factors may increase the risk of developing cancer, including:
Tobacco use
Overweight and obesity
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy dietary habits
Excessive alcohol consumption
Long-term exposure to certain environmental or occupational chemicals
Certain viral infections, including human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus
While some risk factors cannot be changed, many cancers can be prevented by adopting healthier lifestyle habits and participating in recommended cancer screening programmes.
Cancer symptoms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumour. In its early stages, many cancers may not cause noticeable symptoms, which is why screening plays an important role in early detection.
Possible warning signs of cancer include:
Unexplained weight loss
Persistent fatigue
A lump or swelling that does not go away
Persistent pain
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Difficulty swallowing
A persistent cough or hoarseness
Skin changes or sores that do not heal
These symptoms do not always indicate cancer, but persistent or unexplained changes should be assessed by a doctor.
If cancer is suspected, your doctor will recommend one or more investigations based on your symptoms and medical history.
Diagnostic tests may include:
Physical examination
Blood tests
Imaging studies such as X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, or PET scan
Biopsy, where a small tissue sample is examined under a microscope
A biopsy is usually required to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of cancer.
Cancer treatment is personalised according to the type of cancer, its stage, overall health, and individual treatment goals.
Treatment options may include:
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Hormone therapy
Targeted therapy
Treatment is typically planned by a multidisciplinary team that may include surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, and specialist nurses to ensure comprehensive care.
Although cancer cannot always be prevented, healthy lifestyle choices can help reduce the risk of developing many common cancers.
Practical ways to lower your cancer risk include:
Avoid tobacco use: Smoking is linked to numerous cancers, including lung, mouth, and throat cancers.
Maintain a healthy weight: Excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of several cancers.
Eat a balanced diet: Choose a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while limiting processed foods, excess salt, and sugary beverages.
Stay physically active: Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity most days of the week.
Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol intake increases the risk of several cancers, including breast, liver, and colorectal cancers.
Protect your skin from ultraviolet (UV) radiation: Use sunscreen and avoid prolonged sun exposure.
Reduce exposure to environmental and occupational toxins whenever possible.
Follow medical advice regarding menopause hormone therapy (MHT / HRT) and discuss potential risks with your healthcare provider.
Stay up to date with vaccinations: Vaccines such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine can help prevent certain cancers.
Participate in cancer screening programmes: Screening can help detect cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage.
Many cancers are highly treatable, particularly when detected at an early stage.
Several factors influence treatment outcomes, including:
Type of cancer
Stage at diagnosis
Tumour characteristics
Overall health
Response to treatment
Regular screening and prompt medical attention for concerning symptoms increase the likelihood of successful treatment and may allow for less intensive therapies.
Cancer treatment affects everyone differently. While some people continue many of their usual activities, others may experience physical or emotional challenges during treatment.
Support from healthcare professionals, family members, support groups, counsellors, and rehabilitation services can help patients manage the impact of cancer and maintain their quality of life throughout treatment.
Cancer and its treatment can cause a range of side effects that affect daily life. Many of these symptoms can be managed with appropriate medical care and supportive treatment.
Cancer-related fatigue is one of the most common symptoms experienced during treatment. Management may include treating underlying medical conditions, nutritional support, physical activity where appropriate, medication adjustments, and psychological support.
Not everyone with cancer experiences pain, but when it occurs, it can often be effectively managed using medications, supportive therapies, and specialist pain management strategies.
Fever during cancer treatment may indicate infection or treatment-related complications. Patients should stay hydrated and seek prompt medical attention if fever develops.
Digestive symptoms may result from cancer or its treatment. Management may include dietary changes, hydration, medications, and ongoing medical monitoring.
Modern cancer treatments have significantly improved the prevention and control of nausea and vomiting. Anti-nausea medications, nutritional support, and complementary supportive measures may help improve comfort during treatment.
Persistent or unexplained symptoms should never be ignored. If you notice changes such as unusual lumps, unexplained weight loss, persistent fatigue, abnormal bleeding, or ongoing pain, it is important to seek medical evaluation.
At Prince Court Medical Centre, our multidisciplinary oncology team provides comprehensive cancer care, from screening and early diagnosis to personalised treatment and supportive care. We are committed to helping patients navigate every stage of their cancer journey with expertise, compassion, and access to advanced treatment options.
Schedule a consultation with our specialists today to discuss your concerns, explore appropriate cancer screening, or receive personalised treatment recommendations.
Reviewed by Dr Lavannia Rajaratenam
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